| Habitats
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Woodland Garden Canopy; Secondary; Sunny Edge; South Wall. By.
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| Edible Uses
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Edible Parts: Flowers; Leaves.
Young leaves - cooked. An aromatic flavour[2, 106, 178, 179], they are used as a potherb[183].
Flowers - cooked. Eaten as a vegetable[183].
The dried leaves are a tea substitute[177, 183].
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| Medicinal Uses
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Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.
Analgesic; Anthelmintic; Carminative; Digestive; Diuretic; Oxytoxic; Plaster; Sedative; Stimulant; Tonic; Vulnerary;
Plaster.
The flower heads are carminative, digestive, sedative and tonic[176, 218, 238]. They are used internally in the treatment of insomnia, irritability, breathlessness and poor memory[176, 238]. The flowers are harvested as they open and are dried for later use[238].
The stembark is anodyne, anthelmintic, carminative, discutient, diuretic, oxytocic, sedative, stimulant, tonic, vermifuge and vulnerary[176, 178, 218]. It is used internally in the treatment of insomnia, irritability, boils and carbuncles[238]. Externally, it is applied to injuries and swellings[238]. The bark is harvested in spring or late summer and is dried for later use[238].
A gummy extract obtained from the plant is used as a plaster for abscesses, boils etc and also as a retentive in fractures and sprains[218].
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| Other Uses
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Plaster; Gum; Plaster.
A gummy extract of the plant is used as a plaster[178]. No more details are given.
Wood - dense, hard, strong, takes a good polish. Used for furniture, industrial applications, firewood etc[74, 158, 272].
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| Cultivation details
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Requires a well-drained moisture retentive soil and a very sunny position[200]. Succeeds in dry soils. Highly fertile soils can promote soft sappy growth which is frost tender[200]. Trees tolerate a high pH, saline soils, high winds and drought[200, 238]. They also succeed in poor soils[238].
Trees prefer a more continental climate than Britain[11] and when dormant are hardy to about -20°c in such a zone[200]. They are only hardy to about -10°c in the maritime climate of this country[200]. The young growth in spring, even on mature plants, is frost-tender and so it is best to grow the plants in a position sheltered from the early morning sun[K]. They succeed on a sunny wall at Kew[11], and also in a more open but sunny sheltered position there[K], but only really succeed outdoors in the mildest areas of Britain[1]. If killed back to the ground by a severe winter, plants can often resprout from the base[200]. The form 'Rosea' is hardier and more compact, succeeding even in the drier parts of Britain if given some protection[11].
Plants are quite tolerant of pruning and can be fan-trained for growing on a wall. Any pruning is best done in late winter or early spring[202].
Often grown as a summer bedding plant[1].
Quite tolerant of being transplanted[200]. Plants often produce suckers[200].
Plants in this genus are notably resistant to honey fungus[200].
This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby[200].
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| Propagation
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Seed - pre-soak 24 hours in hot water and sow March/April in a greenhouse or sow as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame[113]. Germinates in 2 - 3 months at 19°c. Scarification helps[133]. There are about 11,000 seeds to a pound, about 25 - 33% of which germinate[227]. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots of fairly rich soil when they are large enough to handle and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant out in late spring or early summer and consider giving them some protection from the cold for their first winter or two outdoors[K].
Root cuttings, late winter in a greenhouse[113, 200].
Cuttings of half-ripe wood, July/August in a frame[200].
Suckers planted out in late winter[200].
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| Botanical References
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| 1151200
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| Links / References
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[K] Ken Fern Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.
| [1]F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956
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| Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaces in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]).
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| [2]Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World.
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| Lots of entries, quite a lot of information in most entries and references.
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| [11]Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement.
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| A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.
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| [51]Polunin. O. and Stainton. A. Flowers of the Himalayas.
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| A very readable and good pocket guide (if you have a very large pocket!) to many of the wild plants in the Himalayas. Gives many examples of plant uses.
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| [74]Komarov. V. L. Flora of the USSR.
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| An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers.
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| [106]Coon. N. The Dictionary of Useful Plants.
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| Interesting reading but short on detail.
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| [113]Dirr. M. A. and Heuser. M. W. The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation.
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| A very detailed book on propagating trees. Not for the casual reader.
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| [133]Rice. G. (Editor) Growing from Seed. Volume 1.
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| Very readable magazine with lots of information on propagation.
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| [158]Gupta. B. L. Forest Flora of Chakrata, Dehra Dun and Saharanpur.
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| A good flora for the middle Himalayan forests, sparsly illustrated. Not really for the casual reader.
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| [176]Yeung. Him-Che. Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas.
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| An excellent Chinese herbal giving information on over 500 species. Rather technical and probably best suited to the more accomplished user of herbs.
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| [177]Kunkel. G. Plants for Human Consumption.
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| An excellent book for the dedicated. A comprehensive listing of latin names with a brief list of edible parts.
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| [178]Stuart. Rev. G. A. Chinese Materia Medica.
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| A translation of an ancient Chinese herbal. Fascinating.
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| [179]Reid. B. E. Famine Foods of the Chiu-Huang Pen-ts'ao.
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| A translation of an ancient Chinese book on edible wild foods. Fascinating.
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| [183]Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants.
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| Excellent. Contains a very wide range of conventional and unconventional food plants (including tropical) and where they can be obtained (mainly N. American nurseries but also research institutes and a lot of other nurseries from around the world.
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| [200]Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992.
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| Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
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| [202]Davis. B. Climbers and Wall Shrubs.
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| Contains information on 2,000 species and cultivars, giving details of cultivation requirements. The text is terse but informative.
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| [218]Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China
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| Details of over 1,200 medicinal plants of China and brief details of their uses. Often includes an analysis, or at least a list of constituents. Heavy going if you are not into the subject.
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| [227]Vines. R.A. Trees of North Texas
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| A readable guide to the area, it contains descriptions of the plants and their habitats with quite a bit of information on plant uses.
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| [238]Bown. D. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses.
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| A very well presented and informative book on herbs from around the globe. Plenty in it for both the casual reader and the serious student. Just one main quibble is the silly way of having two separate entries for each plant.
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| [272]Manandhar. N. P. Plants and People of Nepal
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| Excellent book, covering over 1,500 species of useful plants from Nepal together with information on the geography and peoples of Nepal. Good descriptions of the plants with terse notes on their uses.
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