Plant Portrait - Sassafras albidum

This article originally appeared in the July 1998 edition of the Friends of PFAF newsletter.

Sassafras is a deciduous tree from Eastern North America that grows wild in deciduous woodlands and thickets on rich sandy well-drained soils. It can grow up to 25 metres tall with a spread of 16 metres but is very unlikely to reach this size in Britain where it commonly becomes no more than a small tree or large shrub. It will usually fit very well into a garden where it can be grown as a specimen plant in the lawn. It will also eventually make a good canopy tree for the sunnier edges of a woodland garden.

The plant is quite easy to grow, it prefers a deep, fertile, well-drained, lime-free, near neutral soil in sun or light shade. Young plants are quite frost tender and so it is best to either grow them on for their first few years in pots, or to plant them out under the shelter of other trees which should give them just enough protection. Even on older trees, the young spring growth can be damaged by late spring frosts and therefore it is a good idea to site the plant where it will be sheltered from the early morning spring sun.

Sassafras is a very ornamental tree with quite large leaves that can vary quite dramatically in shape even on the same tree. All parts of the tree contain essential oils and give off a pleasant spicy aroma when crushed. A long-lived and moderately fast-growing tree, it is virtually free of pests and diseases in this country. Trees can begin flowering when only 10 years old and, in the wild, good seed crops are usually produced every 2 - 3 years. However, if you want to produce seed in Britain then you need to grow at least two trees since individual plants are either male or female. Trees also spread or be propagated by root suckers and can form thickets in the wild though they do not seem to sucker so freely in Britain.

This is a tree with a multitude of uses, it was widely employed by the native American Indians and is still commonly gathered from the wild for its medicinal virtues. We will look first at its edible uses. The young leaves can be eaten raw as a component in mixed salads whilst both young and old leaves can be used as a flavouring and as a thickening agent in soups etc. They have a mild aromatic flavour. Older leaves can also be dried and ground into powder for later use.

The whole plant is pervaded by an aromatic essential oil and it is still commonly used as a food flavouring with considerable health benefits. The dried root bark can be boiled with sugar and water until it forms a thick paste. It is then used as a condiment. The root and the berries can also be used as flavourings.

A tea is made from the root bark, it is considered to be a tonic. The tea can also be made by brewing the root in maple syrup, this can then be concentrated into a jelly if required. Teas are made from various other parts of the tree. In spring the leaves and roots are used together and in early summer the flowers are used.

Sassafras is still a commonly used herbal preparation with a wide range of actions. A tea made from the root bark is particularly renowned as a spring tonic and blood purifier as well as a household cure for a wide range of ailments such as gastrointestinal complaints, colds, kidney ailments, rheumatism and skin eruptions. The mucilaginous pith from the twigs has been used as a poultice or wash for eye ailments and is also taken internally as a tea for chest, liver and kidney complaints.

An essential oil obtained from the root bark is used as an antiseptic in dentistry and also as pain killer. The oil contains safrole, which is said to have carcinogenic activity and has been banned from use in American foods - though there is plenty of modern research which shows that it is less likely to cause cancer than alcohol. In large doses, however, the oil is poisonous, causing dilated pupils, vomiting, stupor, collapse and kidney and liver damage. The oil has been applied externally to control lice and treat insect bites, though it can cause skin irritation in some people. The essential oil is also used in soaps, the coarser kinds of perfumery, toothpastes, soft drinks etc.

The growing plant repels mosquitoes and other insects, so it is a beneficial companion plant in the garden. Dried leaves will add a pleasant but delicate scent to the room whilst also helping to keep insects away.

Propagation is fairly simple from seed. If you can obtain it, fresh seed will give the best results and this should be sown immediately in a cold frame. It should germinate in the spring. If you can only obtain stored seed then this will need four months cold stratification at 4°c. Soaking the seed for 24 hours in warm water and then mixing it with some damp compost and placing it in the salad compartment of the fridge for 3 4 months should suffice. As soon as they are large enough to handle, prick out the seedlings into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter before planting them out. Give the young trees some protection for at least their first winter outdoors[K].

Suckers can be dug up in late winter. If they are well-rooted they can be planted straight out into their permanent positions but if the root system is rather sparse it is best to pot them up and place them in a lightly shaded place in the greenhouse until they are growing away strongly. In addition root cuttings can be taken from the suckers. These cuttings should be about 1 - 2cm long, they are taken in December and planted horizontally in pots in a greenhouse. Grow them on for their first winter in the greenhouse before planting them out into their permanent positions.

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Readers Comments

Plants for a Future does not verify the accuracy of reader comments, use at your own risk. In particular Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. You should always consult a professional before using plants medicinally.

Sassafras albidum

patrik Thu May 12 2005

future uses for sassafras?

Sassafras albidum

Cathy Harragian Thu Sep 1 2005

how about an ornamental tree?

Sassafras albidum

Rich (webwever) Mon May 1 2006

How exciting another test message.

Sassafras albidum

Micheline Sat Jul 29 2006

I live in Quebec, Canada. Where can I find the seeds?

Sassafras albidum

Christl Sun Sep 17 2006

My Sassafras tree is going to be transferred from my property to my Mother-in-law's property ... Cecilia is her name, she is young and beautiful, and the reason she is going, is that she will be the one tree to honour all of the animals that have been buried upon her property. Finally, she will be out of her pot, and carefully planted into the ground! Always the last one to wake up in the Spring, and the first to change colour in Autumn, I will miss seeing Cecilia the Sassafras tree outside my kitchen windows, backdoor windows, ... when ever I hang up the clothes but I know in my heart, she will be but a hop skip and a jump away ... honouring all the pets that we once so dearly treasured.

Sassafras albidum

Christl Sun Sep 17 2006

Cecilia Update + a question Cecilia the Sassafras was successfully transplanted this morning :) She is amidst many beautiful trees both conifers and deciduous, and is now showing all of her fall colours. A site to behold indeed! One question, is one able to put a broken off branch into some water to root? Cecilia the Sassafras did loose one branch, and if I was able to get it to root, that would make my heart sing:) Christl

Sassafras albidum

Tony Thu Nov 23 2006

Great understory tree for the landscape with super fall color but use caution when considering ingestion. Reference the following: The volatile oil of sassafras is believed to be the major active constituent of the plant. This oil contains up to 85% of the terpenoid known as safrole. Safrole causes liver cancer when given to laboratory animals in high doses for long periods of time. Sassafras bark, sassafras oil, and safrole are currently prohibited by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration from use as flavorings or food additives. Human studies are lacking to verify the efficacy of sassafras for any condition. However, one case study has been published showing that sassafras acted as a diaphoretic in an otherwise healthy woman. While the amount of sassafras that could potentially cause cancer in humans remains unknown, one cup of strong sassafras tea is reported to contain as much as 200 mg of safrole, an amount that is four times higher than the amount considered potentially hazardous to humans if consumed regularly.

North Carolina State University Plant Fact Sheet Plant charcteristics and habit

Sassafras albidum

Louis Michot Mon Apr 16 2007

Here in South Louisiana, we use the dried Sassafras leaves to make File Gumbo, a.k.a. File (french or Native american, pronounced fee-lay). The dried leaves are ground to a powder, and sprinkled lightly over Gumbo, a roux based liquidy dish with chicken/sausage or seafood, or Okra. The name "gumbo" actually comes from the African word for okra- gumbo. In south Louisiana, okra "file" sassafras. The root is also used to make root beer here.

Sassafras albidum

Tue Apr 17 2007

What the last guy didn't tell you, is that the vast majority of safrole is foud in the bark and fruits of the tree. The leaves themselves, provided you cut out the central stem, contain the most miniscule amounts of safrole, trace amounts really. In otherwords, its perfectly healthy to make your own Filet Powder at home, and use it regularly.

Sassafras albidum

Emily Tue Aug 18 2009

I would appreciate it if you included information concerning the carcinogenic properties of safrole, I'm really surprised you missed such a well established property of this plant.

Sassafras albidum

Reville Mon Aug 24 2009

Safrole fed in large doses to rats is carconogenic. but the oil is not the herb. As has been the case with Comfrey studies and other PA containing herbs the experimnetal design is flawed. read this http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v16je22.htm in the case of the safrole studies my issues with its validity go like this 1. They used safrole 2. They used rats - even though rat studies clearly showed tha they metabolise safrole in a different manner to humans 3. They fed the rats massive amounts - around 2% of the diet. That is a lot of safrole when put in the perspective of human usage and an unrealistic comparison. 4. or else they used lower but consistent amounts (0.25%) for half the lifetime of the rat. The rats livers were enlarged and detoxifying enzymes higher - as would be expected if you at that much safrol every day of your life for 35 years. whe the trial stopped the enzymes went down. 5.When Rats which had part of their liver removed were fed safrole, their liver regrew faster than without. Studies using sassafras bark tea showed teh same positive result 6.Studies feeding safrole to mouse babies and pregnant mice lead to an increase in the incidence of cancers in the young animals - in strains of rats bred to get cancer more easily. These are not humans, and we dont give babies sassafras 7.Rats were forcefed large doses of safrole mixed with corn oil, for prolonged periods, which induced liver damage. I want to know how force feeding an animal a food it doesnt choose to eat tells us anything about food safety except that we shouldnt trust what is being forced down our own throats. we are thinking human beings. when we eat something that feels a bit odd, we moderate our intake of it or desist. we eat things periodically and intermittently sassafrass is a spice not a staple and these barbaric tests above performed in the name of safety testing and applied by almost ALL sources and health proffessionals to the public opinion of sassafras. its a disgrace, but unfortunatley its standard practice. sassafras is not safrole, and sassafras is not consumed in anywhere near the quatity OR frequency that these poor rats and mice hand dogs had to endure. if overdosing was the way to test safety then table salt, paracetamol and toothpaste would also be banned. but it isnt and ill say again its a disgrace to the scientific and medical fraternity that they peddle this rubbish science onto the public.

Sassafras albidum

your mama Sat Oct 3 2009

i like the reduction of safrole :)

Sassafras albidum

us Sat Nov 21 2009

Consuming roots, oil directly correlated to liver cancer. Will look for the reference and post back.

Sassafras albidum

madresita Sun Feb 7 2010

In Belize the old folk use it to get rid of worms and parasites The leaves are boiled and then you put sweetened canned milk in your cup and have a spot of tea--leaves must be boilded well.

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