The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Many gardens already have ponds in them and, indeed, will probably contain several of the plants mentioned below. In other gardens ponds can be very easily set up (as long as you don't mind a bit of digging) by using plastic pond liners, pre-formed glass-fibre ponds, or concrete. Even a very small pond has great potential for food production and any pond adds significantly to the ability of a garden to support a wide range of wildlife. It is not intended to go into details of making ponds and establishing a water garden in this leaflet - contact us if you want details. However, most of the plants listed here are very easy to cultivate, indeed, with some of them the problem will be more one of trying to contain them as they are very vigorous, and you should find that your pond, once established, will require very little attention.

Just a couple of points that may be worth mentioning are:

1. Ensure that your pond has at least one shallow side to enable creatures, especially amphibians, to get in and out easily;
2. Ensure that it has several different levels (with at least one area more than two feet deep) to enable you to grow a variety of plants and to make sure that even in severe weather some of the water at the bottom of the pool is not frozen.

If your garden already contains an area of very wet soil that you've never been able to do much with then hopefully this leaflet will give you some ideas. It is fairly easy to create an area of boggy soil and perhaps the simplest methods are:

1. If you have an old garden pond that keeps leaking then just fill it up with earth and use it as a bog garden.
2. Excavate an area of soil to about one and a half feet, line it with plastic, puncture it in a few places and then replace the soil.
3. Fill in the shallow edges of your pond with earth.

Acorus calamus - Sweet Flag: A native of Europe, naturalized in Britain, growing on the shallow edges of ponds and in most soils. The rhizomes, harvested in autumn or spring, are edible and can be used as a substitute for ginger, cinnamon or nutmeg - in the past the rhizomes were candied and used as a sweetmeat. The inner portion of young stems can be eaten raw and young leaves can be eaten cooked. Other virtues of this plant include its mature leaves, which are insect repellant, the lower stem and rhizome, which can be dried and used to scent clothes, cupboards etc, and an essential oil which can be extracted from the rhizome.

Aponogeton distachyos - Cape Pondweed: Native of South Africa, this plant is often grown in ornamental ponds and is occasionally found naturalized in Britain. It does best in water from six inches to two feet deep and prefers a rich soil. The tubers are edible, as are the flowering spikes which can be used as a spinach substitute.

Beckmannia eruciformis: Native of Europe and Asia, this grass grows in wet meadows, swamps, marshes and very shallow water. The seed is edible, ground and used as a flour.

Butomus umbellatus - Flowering Rush: Native of Britain, it grows in moist soil or water up to one foot deep. The tubers, which contain over 50% starch, are edible when cooked. The seed is also edible.

Chrysosplenium alternifolium and C. oppositifolium - Golden Saxifrages: Natives of Britain, they grow in wet meadows, swamps etc, and prefer a shady position. The leaves are edible raw or cooked.

Cornus canadensis - Creeping Dogwood: Native of North America, this is a low-growing creeping plant. It does well on the drier edges of the bog garden, but it strongly dislikes chalky soils. The fruit is edible - it is said to have a pleasant though not very strong flavour.

Cyperus longus - Galingale: Native of Britain, it grows in ditches and marshy soils. The root is edible and it can be used as a spice.

Glyceria fluitans - Float Grass: Native of Britain, it grows in shallow pond margins. The seed is sweet and is used in puddings or as a gruel.

Gunnera tinctoria: Native of Chile, this plant looks like an overgrown rhubarb and, in sheltered positions and moist soils, the stem can be five feet tall and the leaf a yard or more across. Although they don't look tremendously appetizing, the leaf stalks are said to be edible. Probably best when young.

Nasturtium officinale - Watercress: Native of Britain, this is the familiar salad plant for sale in greengrocers etc. It prefers growing in very shallow water (about two inches deep) but can also be found in marshy soils. It should be propagated by seed or by cuttings which will root easily and quickly in a container of water at any time of the growing season. As well as its leaves being edible, its seeds may be used as a mustard substitute.

Nuphar lutea - Yellow Water Lily: Native of Britain, it grows in water between one and two feet deep, preferring a sunny position. The roots are edible either raw or cooked, the leaf stalks may also be eaten, and a drink can be made from the flowers. Two allied species from North America, N. advena and N. polysepala, are often grown in ornamental ponds and they can be used in similar ways. In addition the seeds are edible, being ground up and used as thickeners in soups etc. This would suggest that the seeds of N. lutea could also be used in this way, but we have not found any references to this.

Nymphaea alba - White Water Lily: Native of Britain, it grows in the deeper parts of the pond - about four feet of water should suit it well. It prefers a sunny position and a rich soil. Rootstocks that are several years old may be eaten - they contain about 40% starch. Roasted seeds may be used as a coffee substitute. A related species from North America, N. odorata, can also be found in ornamental ponds. Its young leaves and flower buds can be eaten cooked and young flowers can be eaten raw.

Peltandra alba and P. virginica - White Arrow Arum and Green Arrow Arum: Natives of North America, they grow in shallow water near the pond edges. Their rhizomes are edible but they must be well cooked, since they are both poisonous raw.

Phragmites communis - Common Reed: Native of Britain, growing in shallow waters and wet soils, this member of the grass family can grow up to 12 feet tall so it's not really one for the smaller garden, particularly as it is very invasive. However, it more than makes up for its antisocial tendencies with its quite impressive list of uses. The roots, which contain 5% sugar, are edible and can be dried, ground coarsely and used as a porridge. The young shoots can be eaten raw or cooked and the seed is also edible. If the stem is wounded it exudes a sugary substance which hardens upon exposure to the air. This can be eaten raw or roasted - indeed, the dried and ground inner stem can be moistened and then roasted to make a marshmallow substitute. Other virtues of this plant include the stems for thatching, basket making etc, and a light green dye that can be obtained from the stems.

Pontederia cordata: Native of North America and occasionally naturalised in Britain, it grows in pond margins and marshy soils, though it is happiest in water about six inches to one foot deep. The seeds can be eaten raw or ground up and used as a flour substitute. Young leafstalks can be eaten raw or cooked.

Sagittaria sagittifolia - Arrow Head: Native of Britain, it grows in water up to one and a half feet deep. Its tuber can be cooked and eaten and is much cultivated in China for this purpose.

Samolus valerandi - Brookweed: Native of Britain, it grows in wet soil and shallow water. The young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked.

Scirpus lacustris - Bulrush: Native of Britain, it grows in bogs or shallow pond margins. The roots are edible and can be eaten raw or dried, ground and used as a flour. The young shoots in spring are also edible. The leaves can be used in weaving for making mats, chair seats etc.

Sparganium erectum - Bur-Reed: Native of Britain, it grows in marshes, ditches and shallow edges of ponds, requiring a rich soil if it is to do well. The tuber is edible.

Trapa natans - Water Chestnut: Native of Asia and the Mediterranean, this plant is hardy in all but the coldest parts of Britain and it grows in water up to two feet deep. Its seed, which is about 50% starch, can be eaten raw, cooked, or dried and ground into flour. It is often cultivated for its seed in Asia. Propagation is by seed only.

Typha angustifolia and T. latifolia - Small Reed Mace and Reed Mace: Natives of Britain, growing in pond margins, these plants are an absolute must for any self-respecting vegan 'self-sufficientist'. Make sure that you've got the room for them though because they are very invasive (especially T. latifolia) and will soon overrun most of your other plants if you don't keep an eye on them. Their catalogue of uses is most impressive and just why they are not used commercially is beyond us. Their rhizome is edible raw, cooked, or dried and ground into flour. Young shoots can be eaten raw or used as an asparagus substitute. The base of more mature stems can be eaten raw or cooked (but remove the outer covering). The seeds are edible and, when roasted, are said to have a pleasant, nutty flavour. An edible oil can be extracted from the seed. The pollen, which is a good source of protein, can be added to flour, and the young flowering spikes can be cooked and eaten. As if all that was not enough, the leaves can be used in weaving to make hats, mats etc, the hairs on the fruits can be used as a stuffing material for pillows etc, the stems are used in paper making and the dried flowers make a good insulating material. It's quite wonderful, isn't it?!

Vaccinium palustre - Small Cranberry: Native of Britain, this is a prostrate shrub that grows on acid, boggy soils and strongly dislikes chalky soils. Propagation is by seed or by layering the stems in spring. The fruit is edible and is held by some to be the most delicious of our native wild fruits. A tea can be made from the dried leaves, a red dye is obtained from the fruits, and the juice of the fruit is a very effective cleaner for your family silver. A closely related shrub, V. macrocarpon, is native of North America where it is widely cultivated for its fruit. It too can be grown in the bog garden.

Zizania latifolia: Native of East Asia, this plant is much grown in Britain on the shallow margins of lakes. It is often cultivated as a food plant in Asia, it has edible rhizomes, young shoots and stem bases. The seed is also edible but, unfortunately, although it is perfectly hardy in Britain, it does not flower here, spreading instead by vegetative means. A close relative of this plant, Zizania aquatica, is the wild rice plant whose horrendously expensive seeds can be seen for sale in health food shops. The plant is an annual, native of North America, and, although it should be perfectly hardy here, we know of no source of viable seed in this country (seed in the shops has been heat-treated and does not germinate). If you can get hold of some viable seed then (apart from letting us have some!) you could give it a try in the shallow pond margins. It dislikes stagnant water and does best in a very slow- moving current.

Database

The database has more details on these plants: Acorus calamus, Aponogeton distachyos, Beckmannia eruciformis, Butomus umbellatus, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Cornus canadensis, Cyperus longus, Glyceria fluitans, Gunnera tinctoria, Nasturtium officinale, Nuphar advena, Nuphar lutea, Nuphar polysepala, Nymphaea alba, Nymphaea odorata, Peltandra virginica, Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Samolus valerandi, Scirpus lacustris, Sparganium erectum, Trapa natans, Typha angustifolia, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Zizania aquatica, Zizania latifolia.

Readers Comments

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Ruth Verville Tue Jun 06 21:18:51 2000

Dear Rich Morris: I have started reading inf. on your site.

My question is this, why do you not recommend using pete bogs for enriching the soil?

We have a pond behind our house where yellow lilies and duck weed and other natural grasses grow. It is getting very shallow due to the vegetation, including tree leaves, accumulating over the years. Is it best to let this happen, or to clean out a section so the water can flow better. We have a natural spring that feeds this area? It is full of turtles and frogs, but it is getting too shallow for the geese. I read the inf on The Edible Pond and Bog Garden and wonder if it is possible to do this there, and perhaps cleaning the area would destroy a natural planting area.

This spring I have started to wonder about the purpose of ants in my garden and surrounding yard. I have never heard of not plowing your garden. This concept is very foreign to me. Are ants good for the soil in the garden?

Your site has gotten me to start thinking in a totally different way about my environment. Thanks for your assistance.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Shankari Mon Jul 23 21:29:38 2001

I see you have mentioned Phragmites communis - Common Reed as a marshmallow substitute. Are there any other marshmallow substitutes that you know of?

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Roy Barton Mon Aug 13 18:11:00 2001

I read your web site with interest. I am interested in sustainable growing of food plants and have studied and grown aquatic plants for many years. I have been cultivating half a dozen ponds with most of the plants that you mention.

There is a snag, the cost of purchasing plants in the first place was very high. It has taken 8 years for the ponds to mature and the batle to overcome inedible rushes and other weeds is tremendous.

How do you weed a pond?

I have to protect the plants from all the wildlife, particularly ducks, deer and and other wildlife who get up before dawn,

Having extablished a small stock of plants. I find that if I crop them they are have a resale value far in excess of their food value. People will pay a few pounds that for a pond plant that will yield only an ounce or so of carbohydrate. Your article was interesting though.

I think I would do better to eat the ducks and deer.

I find that deer love to eat my walnut trees whole when they are of a manageable size.

If you have a rich growing medium then rushes and other weeds outstrip useful plants and there is no way of controlling the same.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Ilyan Thomas Tue Aug 21 08:42:20 2001

I am astounded that there was so little UK interest in Zizania Aquatica (North American Wild rice, not a rice, a grass) that the 1997 grower who had it setting seed in a Suffolk greenhouse, gave up growing it. If anyone knows of a source of viable seed(must not dry out) let me know. And who gave the grower those plants he had? Ilyan Thomas. ac.thomas@ntlworld.com 137 Priory Street, Carmarthen, SA31 1LR, Wales. UK.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

aly Mon Nov 19 01:18:24 2001

i think that this is a great page and want to note you guys about one thing i think you should have some pictures of bogs so we can tell what your saying

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Mon Feb 3 21:36:50 2003

In North America we actually have a plant called the Marsh Mallow which was used at one time to make marshmallows.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Morgan Mon May 17 14:01:33 2004

Plants rock!!!

People sure take good care of them!

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Morgan Mon May 17 14:01:33 2004

Plants rock!!!

People sure take good care of them!

We made a pond behind my house and we have a turtle and fish.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Morgan Mon May 17 14:01:33 2004

Plants rock!!!

People sure take good care of them!

We made a pond behind my house and we have a turtle and fish.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Fri Jul 16 16:44:09 2004

You really, really need to get photos of the plants you mention. I've never found such an interesting, helpful and informative site, but feel that the addition of photos would improve it much further. Clicking from this web page to do a search to find a picture of a plant is very time consuming, difficult, and in some cases I cannot find a picture of it at all.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Sat Feb 25 2006

i find this site very interesting.i live next to a bog in eastern canada.i get blue berries cramberries and a plant known locally as indian tea the natives used this for many years i also plant vegetables red chieftain potatoes carrots beans and tomatoes.we have a saying if you nare eating an apple and you happen to spit a seade in front of you you will trip over the tree.keep up the good work i love gardening and enjoy the cat tails too. reggie

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

mark Wed Apr 26 2006

what a great idea edible ponds or marshy boggs.i was just looking for info on growing watercress and found this site.was gonna go out of my way anyway to make a pond mostly filed with stones up to an inch or so from the sufice to act as a refivour,now i think ill make it a bit bigger deeper and useing less stones in the middle to make way for the lillys.now to start finding some of the plants mentiond here.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Adrienne Sat May 6 2006

Great page however it would be great to include a basic cost of setting up a bog garden without a pond, this is what we would love to see in our garden project. Is this possible? Thanks.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Linda Sat May 13 2006

What a neat idea! I'm in the early stages of planning a bog garden and here is another whole dimension to consider. I'll be back!

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

ann Wed May 31 2006

we have got a garden pond of about 8" deep with general pond plants in it. i was thinking that it would be more productive if we could actually eat the produce. it doesnt leak and i dont mind throwing a load of soil in it. also just to mention that this is in the canary islands with temperatures between 15 and 25 degrees. any ideas would be helpful! many thanks. ann

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

grant barlow Wed Aug 23 2006

I've got a pond, primarily to keep ducks. Does anyone have any tips re the types of plants which are less susceptible to their 'dedicated beaking' of anything that tries to grow there please? I've had lots of comments about Orange Sauce!

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Shiela Draper Wed Sep 20 2006

Actually, it is not about the pond and bog garden. I read about setting up a bog garden in your article, so I am wondering if you can give me some ideas on how to set up a garden for rice planting as well as corn and coffee. I just have to know this because it is included in my thesis. I hope you can help me on this... Thank you! By the way, your article is helpful.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Fri Nov 17 2006

Is there a way to keep duck pond's water clean from the green that appears several days after cleaning the pond? We fill it every week with clean water, but after a few days, the water turns green and the ducks don't like to swim in it. Any suggestions? If possible, can i get an answer direct to my email addy which is rikacloete@webmail.co.za

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Mon Feb 19 2007

Thanks for the great information. I am curious though...it would be helpful to know if any of these have invasive tendencies.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Ken Fern, Plants for a Future Mon Feb 19 2007

A number of these plants are very vigorous and do have the ability to spread freely - indeed in my experience there is quite a higher proportion of potentially invasive plants that grow in wet conditions. However, in a garden setting this is unlikely to cause a problem since they will to a very large degree be restricted to the pond and bog garden and will be unable to spread elsewhere. It would be very unwise to plant out any of these species in the wild outside their native range unless you have checked to make sure that they are not likely to spread too freely and interfere with native species. Those that do start to spread away from the wet area will generally become less vigorous and relatively easy to control. To find out if any of the plants above have invasive tendencies, simply consult the specific database entry for that plant. A link to each plant can be found just above the readers comments on this page.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Deborah Van Hook Tue Mar 13 2007

Thank you so much for giving info on all the plants. I'm working to put a edible section in a school pond in the U.S.A. I have heard several stories of settlers in the wild west eating cattails. I've read about cattails being ground into flour, the stalks eatten like corn on the cob. I would also like to track down a story I heard about one village that made it through either WWI or WWII by eating cattails to survive.

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

Stephen Richards Wed Jun 20 2007

A very informative page. I have just bought a field of couple of acres, the lower half of which seems to be waterlogged for much of the year, so it would be nice to know if there are any trees that do well in such conditions. Thanks, Stephen Richards

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

PB3 Sat Aug 4 2007

Here is a great link for learning about how to control the water of your pond or watergaden.

Pagoda Koi and Pond Simple Explanation of pH, Buffering Capacity, General Hardness and Salinity

The Edible Pond and Bog Garden

jocelyn williams Thu Sep 27 2007

i am currenty studing forest gardens with a water irrigation system and ready to experiment! i am a garden designer and also do a bit in textiles and currently working with eco fabrics, so i really like what i have read on the reed mace. is there any more i can find out on easy ways to make or grow fabrics from plants?

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